[ruby/openssl] ssl: refactor check_supported_protocol_versions

As reported in <https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/12823>,
check_supported_protocol_versions is unstable and occasionally fails
with Errno::ECONNABORTED during SSLSocket#connect on Windows.

When the server-side SSLContext specifies an unsupported SSL/TLS
protocol version, start_server accepts a TCP connection but closes it
without reading ClientHello, as SSLSocket#accept immediately raises an
exception. With Winsock, this can cause the client-side
SSLSocket#connect to raise Errno::ECONNABORTED.

While the simplest fix is to add rescue Errno::ECONNABORTED, this method
can be simplified. Instead, let's set up a server that accepts all
protocol versions and test client connections with different settings.

https://github.com/ruby/openssl/commit/aa7f03e18f

test/openssl/test_ssl.rb

@@ -1244,32 +1244,28 @@ class OpenSSL::TestSSL < OpenSSL::SSLTestCase
       OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_1_VERSION,
       OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_2_VERSION,
       OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_3_VERSION,
-    ].compact
+    ]
 
-    # Prepare for testing & do sanity check
     supported = []
-    possible_versions.each do |ver|
-      catch(:unsupported) {
     ctx_proc = proc { |ctx|
-          begin
-            ctx.min_version = ctx.max_version = ver
-          rescue ArgumentError, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
-            throw :unsupported
-          end
+      # Explicitly reset them to avoid influenced by OPENSSL_CONF
+      ctx.min_version = ctx.max_version = nil
     }
     start_server(ctx_proc: ctx_proc, ignore_listener_error: true) do |port|
-          begin
-            server_connect(port) { |ssl|
+      possible_versions.each do |ver|
+        ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+        ctx.min_version = ctx.max_version = ver
+        server_connect(port, ctx) { |ssl|
           ssl.puts "abc"; assert_equal "abc\n", ssl.gets
         }
-          rescue OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, Errno::ECONNRESET
-          else
         supported << ver
+      rescue OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, Errno::ECONNRESET
       end
     end
-      }
-    end
-    assert_not_empty supported
+
+    # Sanity check: in our test suite we assume these are always supported
+    assert_include(supported, OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_2_VERSION)
+    assert_include(supported, OpenSSL::SSL::TLS1_3_VERSION)
 
     supported
   end