[rubygems/rubygems] Optimize allocations in Gem::Version

From running in a random rails app I have locally, here are the changes

1) for `bundle lock --update --bundler` (forcing Bundler to go through
dependency resolution)

```
==> memprof.after.txt <==
Total allocated: 2.98 MB (48307 objects)
Total retained:  1.21 MB (16507 objects)

==> memprof.before.txt <==
Total allocated: 12.62 MB (198506 objects)
Total retained:  1.30 MB (23133 objects)
```

2) for `bin/rails runner true` (essentially only bundler/setup)

```
==> memprof.after.txt <==
Total allocated: 59.50 kB (1017 objects)
Total retained:  25.08 kB (362 objects)

==> memprof.before.txt <==
Total allocated: 561.82 kB (8575 objects)
Total retained:  27.28 kB (513 objects)
```

https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/commit/35c8ed2cb8

lib/rubygems/query_utils.rb

@@ -311,8 +311,8 @@ module Gem::QueryUtils
       label = "Installed at"
       specs.each do |s|
         version = s.version.to_s
-        version << ", default" if s.default_gem?
+        default = ", default" if s.default_gem?
-        entry << "\n" << "    #{label} (#{version}): #{s.base_dir}"
+        entry << "\n" << "    #{label} (#{version}#{default}): #{s.base_dir}"
         label = " " * label.length
       end
     end

lib/rubygems/version.rb

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class Gem::Version
   # A string representation of this Version.
 
   def version
-    @version.dup
+    @version
   end
 
   alias_method :to_s, :version
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class Gem::Version
   def self.correct?(version)
     nil_versions_are_discouraged! if version.nil?
 
-    !!(version.to_s =~ ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN)
+    ANCHORED_VERSION_PATTERN.match?(version.to_s)
   end
 
   ##
@@ -224,9 +224,17 @@ class Gem::Version
     end
 
     # If version is an empty string convert it to 0
-    version = 0 if version.is_a?(String) && version =~ /\A\s*\Z/
+    version = 0 if version.is_a?(String) && /\A\s*\Z/.match?(version)
 
-    @version = version.to_s.strip.gsub("-",".pre.")
+    @version = version.to_s
+
+    # optimization to avoid allocation when given an integer, since we know
+    # it's to_s won't have any spaces or dashes
+    unless version.is_a?(Integer)
+      @version = @version.strip
+      @version.gsub!("-",".pre.")
+    end
+    @version = -@version
     @segments = nil
   end
 
@@ -252,7 +260,7 @@ class Gem::Version
   # same precision. Version "1.0" is not the same as version "1".
 
   def eql?(other)
-    self.class === other && @version == other._version
+    self.class === other && @version == other.version
   end
 
   def hash # :nodoc:
@@ -284,7 +292,7 @@ class Gem::Version
   end
 
   def yaml_initialize(tag, map) # :nodoc:
-    @version = map["version"]
+    @version = -map["version"]
     @segments = nil
     @hash = nil
   end
@@ -302,7 +310,7 @@ class Gem::Version
 
   def prerelease?
     unless instance_variable_defined? :@prerelease
-      @prerelease = !(@version =~ /[a-zA-Z]/).nil?
+      @prerelease = /[a-zA-Z]/.match?(version)
     end
     @prerelease
   end
@@ -354,7 +362,7 @@ class Gem::Version
     return self <=> self.class.new(other) if (String === other) && self.class.correct?(other)
 
     return unless Gem::Version === other
-    return 0 if @version == other._version || canonical_segments == other.canonical_segments
+    return 0 if @version == other.version || canonical_segments == other.canonical_segments
 
     lhsegments = canonical_segments
     rhsegments = other.canonical_segments
@@ -381,10 +389,26 @@ class Gem::Version
   end
 
   def canonical_segments
-    @canonical_segments ||=
+    @canonical_segments ||= begin
-      _split_segments.map! do |segments|
+      numeric_segments, string_segments = _split_segments
-        segments.reverse_each.drop_while {|s| s == 0 }.reverse
+      canonical_segments = []
-      end.reduce(&:concat)
+
+      seen_non_zero = false
+      string_segments.reverse_each do |segment|
+        if seen_non_zero || (seen_non_zero = (segment != 0))
+          canonical_segments << segment
+        end
+      end
+      seen_non_zero = false
+      numeric_segments.reverse_each do |segment|
+        if seen_non_zero || (seen_non_zero = (segment != 0))
+          canonical_segments << segment
+        end
+      end
+
+      canonical_segments.reverse!
+      canonical_segments.freeze
+    end
   end
 
   def freeze
@@ -395,17 +419,13 @@ class Gem::Version
 
   protected
 
-  def _version
-    @version
-  end
-
   def _segments
     # segments is lazy so it can pick up version values that come from
     # old marshaled versions, which don't go through marshal_load.
     # since this version object is cached in @@all, its @segments should be frozen
 
-    @segments ||= @version.scan(/[0-9]+|[a-z]+/i).map do |s|
+    @segments ||= @version.scan(/[0-9]+|[a-z]+/i).map! do |s|
-      /^\d+$/.match?(s) ? s.to_i : s
+      /^\d+$/.match?(s) ? s.to_i : -s
     end.freeze
   end