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manual.texi Howard's grammar changes

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@ -7266,7 +7266,7 @@ machine.
@end itemize @end itemize
It is recomended you use MIT-pthreads on FreeBSD 2.x and native threads on It is recomended you use MIT-pthreads on FreeBSD 2.x and native threads on
Versions 3 and up. It is possible to run with with native threads on some late Versions 3 and up. It is possible to run with native threads on some late
2.2.x versions but you may encounter problems shutting down mysqld. 2.2.x versions but you may encounter problems shutting down mysqld.
Be sure to have your name resolver setup correct. Otherwise you may Be sure to have your name resolver setup correct. Otherwise you may
@ -12511,7 +12511,7 @@ has a @code{Host} value @code{'localhost'} that is more specific than
@code{'%'}, it is used in preference to the new entry when connecting from @code{'%'}, it is used in preference to the new entry when connecting from
@code{localhost}! The correct procedure is to insert a second entry with @code{localhost}! The correct procedure is to insert a second entry with
@code{Host}=@code{'localhost'} and @code{User}=@code{'some_user'}, or to @code{Host}=@code{'localhost'} and @code{User}=@code{'some_user'}, or to
remove the entry with with @code{Host}=@code{'localhost'} and remove the entry with @code{Host}=@code{'localhost'} and
@code{User}=@code{''}. @code{User}=@code{''}.
@item @item
@ -25779,7 +25779,7 @@ are using @code{--skip-locking}
@end menu @end menu
@node Compile and link options, Disk issues, System, System @node Compile and link options, Disk issues, System, System
@subsection How compiling and linking affects the speed of MySQL @subsection How Compiling and Linking Affects the Spexed of MySQL
Most of the following tests are done on Linux with the Most of the following tests are done on Linux with the
@strong{MySQL} benchmarks, but they should give some indication for @strong{MySQL} benchmarks, but they should give some indication for
@ -25800,13 +25800,13 @@ configuring @strong{MySQL} to avoid inclusion of the @code{libstdc++}
library (it is not needed). Note that with some versions of @code{pgcc}, library (it is not needed). Note that with some versions of @code{pgcc},
the resulting code will only run on true Pentium processors, even if you the resulting code will only run on true Pentium processors, even if you
use the compiler option that you want the resulting code to be working on use the compiler option that you want the resulting code to be working on
all x586 type processors (Like AMD). all x586 type processors (like AMD).
By just using a better compiler and/or better compiler options you can By just using a better compiler and/or better compiler options you can
get a 10-30 % speed increase in your application. This is particularly get a 10-30 % speed increase in your application. This is particularly
important if you compile the SQL server yourself! important if you compile the SQL server yourself!
We have tested both the Cygnus CodeFusion and Fujitsu compilers but We have tested both the Cygnus CodeFusion and Fujitsu compilers, but
when we tested them, neither was sufficiently bug free to allow when we tested them, neither was sufficiently bug free to allow
@strong{MySQL} to be compiled with optimizations on. @strong{MySQL} to be compiled with optimizations on.
@ -25830,7 +25830,7 @@ library. It is only the server that is critical for performance.
@item @item
If you connect using TCP/IP rather than Unix sockets, the result is 7.5% If you connect using TCP/IP rather than Unix sockets, the result is 7.5%
slower on the same computer. (If you are connection to @code{localhost}, slower on the same computer. (If you are connection to @code{localhost},
@strong{MySQL} will by default use sockets). @strong{MySQL} will, by default, use sockets).
@item @item
On a Sun SPARCstation 10, @code{gcc} 2.7.3 is 13% faster than Sun Pro C++ 4.2. On a Sun SPARCstation 10, @code{gcc} 2.7.3 is 13% faster than Sun Pro C++ 4.2.
@ -25852,11 +25852,11 @@ statically to get it faster and more portable.
@cindex disk issues @cindex disk issues
@cindex performance, disk issues @cindex performance, disk issues
@node Disk issues, Server parameters, Compile and link options, System @node Disk issues, Server parameters, Compile and link options, System
@subsection Disk issues @subsection Disk Issues
@itemize @bullet @itemize @bullet
@item @item
As mentioned before disks seeks are a big performance bottleneck. This As mentioned before, disks seeks are a big performance bottleneck. This
problems gets more and more apparent when the data starts to grow so problems gets more and more apparent when the data starts to grow so
large that effective caching becomes impossible. For large databases, large that effective caching becomes impossible. For large databases,
where you access data more or less randomly, you can be sure that you where you access data more or less randomly, you can be sure that you
@ -25864,7 +25864,7 @@ will need at least one disk seek to read and a couple of disk seeks to
write things. To minimize this problem, use disks with low seek times. write things. To minimize this problem, use disks with low seek times.
@item @item
Increase the number of available disk spindles (and thereby reduce Increase the number of available disk spindles (and thereby reduce
the seek overhead) by either symlink files to different disks or stripe the seek overhead) by either symlink files to different disks or striping
the disks. the disks.
@table @strong @table @strong
@item Using symbolic links @item Using symbolic links
@ -25875,28 +25875,28 @@ other things). @xref{Symbolic links}.
@cindex striping, defined @cindex striping, defined
@item Striping @item Striping
Striping means that you have many disks and put the first block on the Striping means that you have many disks and put the first block on the
first disk, the second block on the second disk, and the Nth on the (Nth first disk, the second block on the second disk, and the Nth on the
mod number_of_disks) disk, and so on. This means if your normal data (N mod number_of_disks) disk, and so on. This means if your normal data
size is less than the stripe size (or perfectly aligned) you will get size is less than the stripe size (or perfectly aligned) you will get
much better performance. Note that striping if very dependent on the OS much better performance. Note that striping is very dependent on the OS
and stripe-size. So benchmark your application with different and stripe-size. So benchmark your application with different
stripe-sizes. @xref{Benchmarks}. stripe-sizes. @xref{Benchmarks}.
Note that the speed difference for striping is @strong{very} dependent Note that the speed difference for striping is @strong{very} dependent
on the parameters. Depending on how you set the striping parameters and on the parameters. Depending on how you set the striping parameters and
number of disks you may get difference in orders of magnitude. Note that number of disks you may get a difference in orders of magnitude. Note that
you have to choose to optimize for random or sequential access. you have to choose to optimize for random or sequential access.
@end table @end table
@item @item
For reliability you may want to use RAID 0+1 (striping + mirroring), but For reliability you may want to use RAID 0+1 (striping + mirroring), but
in this case you will need 2*N drives to hold N drives of data. This is in this case you will need 2*N drives to hold N drives of data. This is
probably the best option if you have the money for it! You may, however, probably the best option if you have the money for it! You may, however,
also have to invest in some volume management software to handle it also have to invest in some volume-management software to handle it
efficiently. efficiently.
@item @item
A good option is to have semi-important data (that can be re-generated) A good option is to have semi-important data (that can be regenerated)
on RAID 0 disk while store really important data (like host information on RAID 0 disk while storing really important data (like host information
and logs) on a RAID 0+1 or RAID N disks. RAID N can be a problem if you and logs) on a RAID 0+1 or RAID N disk. RAID N can be a problem if you
have many writes because of the time to update the parity bits. have many writes because of the time to update the parity bits.
@item @item
You may also set the parameters for the file system that the database You may also set the parameters for the file system that the database
@ -25905,7 +25905,7 @@ option. That makes it skip the updating of the last access time in the
inode and by this will avoid some disk seeks. inode and by this will avoid some disk seeks.
@item @item
On Linux, you can get much more performance (up to 100 % under load is On Linux, you can get much more performance (up to 100 % under load is
not uncommon) by using hdpram to configure your disks interface! The not uncommon) by using hdpram to configure your disk's interface! The
following should be quite good hdparm options for @strong{MySQL} (and following should be quite good hdparm options for @strong{MySQL} (and
probably many other applications): probably many other applications):
@example @example
@ -25919,10 +25919,10 @@ throughly after using @code{hdparm}! Please consult the @code{hdparm}
man page for more information! If @code{hdparm} is not used wisely, man page for more information! If @code{hdparm} is not used wisely,
filesystem corruption may result. Backup everything before experimenting! filesystem corruption may result. Backup everything before experimenting!
@item @item
On many OS system you can mount the disks with the 'async' flag to set the file On many operating systems you can mount the disks with the 'async' flag to set the file
system to be updated asynchronously. If your computer is reasonable stable, system to be updated asynchronously. If your computer is reasonable stable,
this should give you more performance without sacrificing too much reliability. this should give you more performance without sacrificing too much reliability.
(This flag is on by default on Linux). (This flag is on by default on Linux.)
@item @item
If you don't need to know when a file was last accessed (which is not If you don't need to know when a file was last accessed (which is not
really useful on a databasa server), you can mount your file systems really useful on a databasa server), you can mount your file systems
@ -25938,14 +25938,14 @@ with the noatime flag.
@cindex databases, symbolic links @cindex databases, symbolic links
@cindex tables, symbolic links @cindex tables, symbolic links
@node Symbolic links, , Disk issues, Disk issues @node Symbolic links, , Disk issues, Disk issues
@subsubsection Using symbolic links for databases and tables @subsubsection Using Symbolic Links for Databases and Tables
You can move tables and databases from the database directory to other You can move tables and databases from the database directory to other
locations and replace them with symbolic links to the new locations. locations and replace them with symbolic links to the new locations.
You might want to do this, for example, to move a database to a file You might want to do this, for example, to move a database to a file
system with more free space. system with more free space.
If @strong{MySQL} notices that a table is a symbolically-linked, it will If @strong{MySQL} notices that a table is symbolically linked, it will
resolve the symlink and use the table it points to instead. This works resolve the symlink and use the table it points to instead. This works
on all systems that support the @code{realpath()} call (at least Linux on all systems that support the @code{realpath()} call (at least Linux
and Solaris support @code{realpath()})! On systems that don't support and Solaris support @code{realpath()})! On systems that don't support
@ -25981,7 +25981,7 @@ to
if (1) if (1)
@end example @end example
On windows you can use internal symbolic links to directories by compiling On Windows you can use internal symbolic links to directories by compiling
@strong{MySQL} with @code{-DUSE_SYMDIR}. This allows you to put different @strong{MySQL} with @code{-DUSE_SYMDIR}. This allows you to put different
databases on different disks. @xref{Windows symbolic links}. databases on different disks. @xref{Windows symbolic links}.
@ -25990,7 +25990,7 @@ databases on different disks. @xref{Windows symbolic links}.
@cindex buffer sizes, @code{mysqld} server @cindex buffer sizes, @code{mysqld} server
@cindex startup parameters @cindex startup parameters
@node Server parameters, Table cache, Disk issues, System @node Server parameters, Table cache, Disk issues, System
@subsection Tuning server parameters @subsection Tuning Server Parameters
You can get the default buffer sizes used by the @code{mysqld} server You can get the default buffer sizes used by the @code{mysqld} server
with this command: with this command:
@ -26059,7 +26059,7 @@ You can also see some statistics from a running server by issuing the command
@strong{MySQL} uses algorithms that are very scalable, so you can usually @strong{MySQL} uses algorithms that are very scalable, so you can usually
run with very little memory. If you, however, give @strong{MySQL} more run with very little memory. If you, however, give @strong{MySQL} more
memory you will normally also get better performance. memory, you will normally also get better performance.
When tuning a @strong{MySQL} server, the two most important variables to use When tuning a @strong{MySQL} server, the two most important variables to use
are @code{key_buffer_size} and @code{table_cache}. You should first feel are @code{key_buffer_size} and @code{table_cache}. You should first feel
@ -26097,7 +26097,7 @@ shell> safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=512k -O sort_buffer=16k \
When you have installed @strong{MySQL}, the @file{Docs} directory will When you have installed @strong{MySQL}, the @file{Docs} directory will
contain some different @code{my.cnf} example files, @file{my-huge.cnf}, contain some different @code{my.cnf} example files, @file{my-huge.cnf},
@file{my-large.cnf},@file{my-medium.cnf} and@file{my-small.cnf}, you can @file{my-large.cnf}, @file{my-medium.cnf}, and @file{my-small.cnf}, you can
use as a base to optimize your system. use as a base to optimize your system.
If there are very many connections, ``swapping problems'' may occur unless If there are very many connections, ``swapping problems'' may occur unless
@ -26125,9 +26125,9 @@ output.
@cindex table cache @cindex table cache
@findex table_cache @findex table_cache
@node Table cache, Creating many tables, Server parameters, System @node Table cache, Creating many tables, Server parameters, System
@subsection How MySQL opens and closes tables @subsection How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables
@code{table_cache}, @code{max_connections} and @code{max_tmp_tables} @code{table_cache}, @code{max_connections}, and @code{max_tmp_tables}
affect the maximum number of files the server keeps open. If you affect the maximum number of files the server keeps open. If you
increase one or both of these values, you may run up against a limit increase one or both of these values, you may run up against a limit
imposed by your operating system on the per-process number of open file imposed by your operating system on the per-process number of open file
@ -26141,7 +26141,7 @@ at least @code{200 * n}, where @code{n} is the maximum number of tables
in a join. in a join.
The cache of open tables can grow to a maximum of @code{table_cache} The cache of open tables can grow to a maximum of @code{table_cache}
(default 64; this can be changed with with the @code{-O table_cache=#} (default 64; this can be changed with the @code{-O table_cache=#}
option to @code{mysqld}). A table is never closed, except when the option to @code{mysqld}). A table is never closed, except when the
cache is full and another thread tries to open a table or if you use cache is full and another thread tries to open a table or if you use
@code{mysqladmin refresh} or @code{mysqladmin flush-tables}. @code{mysqladmin refresh} or @code{mysqladmin flush-tables}.
@ -26173,14 +26173,14 @@ among all threads.
You can check if your table cache is too small by checking the mysqld You can check if your table cache is too small by checking the mysqld
variable @code{opened_tables}. If this is quite big, even if you variable @code{opened_tables}. If this is quite big, even if you
haven't done alot of @code{FLUSH TABLES}, you should increase your table haven't done a lot of @code{FLUSH TABLES}, you should increase your table
cache. @xref{SHOW STATUS}. cache. @xref{SHOW STATUS}.
@cindex tables, too many @cindex tables, too many
@node Creating many tables, Open tables, Table cache, System @node Creating many tables, Open tables, Table cache, System
@subsection Drawbacks of creating large numbers of tables in the same database @subsection Drawbacks to Creating Large Numbers of Tables in the Same Database
If you have many files in a directory, open, close and create operations will If you have many files in a directory, open, close, and create operations will
be slow. If you execute @code{SELECT} statements on many different tables, be slow. If you execute @code{SELECT} statements on many different tables,
there will be a little overhead when the table cache is full, because for there will be a little overhead when the table cache is full, because for
every table that has to be opened, another must be closed. You can reduce every table that has to be opened, another must be closed. You can reduce
@ -26189,7 +26189,7 @@ this overhead by making the table cache larger.
@cindex tables, open @cindex tables, open
@cindex open tables @cindex open tables
@node Open tables, Memory use, Creating many tables, System @node Open tables, Memory use, Creating many tables, System
@subsection Why so many open tables? @subsection Why So Many Open tables?
When you run @code{mysqladmin status}, you'll see something like this: When you run @code{mysqladmin status}, you'll see something like this:
@ -26208,11 +26208,11 @@ between all threads.
@cindex memory use @cindex memory use
@node Memory use, Internal locking, Open tables, System @node Memory use, Internal locking, Open tables, System
@subsection How MySQL uses memory @subsection How MySQL Uses Memory
The list below indicates some of the ways that the @code{mysqld} server The list below indicates some of the ways that the @code{mysqld} server
uses memory. Where applicable, the name of the server variable relevant uses memory. Where applicable, the name of the server variable relevant
to the memory use is given. to the memory use is given:
@itemize @bullet @itemize @bullet
@item @item
@ -26221,8 +26221,8 @@ threads; Other buffers used by the server are allocated as
needed. @xref{Server parameters}. needed. @xref{Server parameters}.
@item @item
Each connection uses some thread specific space; A stack (default 64K, Each connection uses some thread-specific space: A stack (default 64K,
variable @code{thread_stack}) a connection buffer (variable variable @code{thread_stack}), a connection buffer (variable
@code{net_buffer_length}), and a result buffer (variable @code{net_buffer_length}), and a result buffer (variable
@code{net_buffer_length}). The connection buffer and result buffer are @code{net_buffer_length}). The connection buffer and result buffer are
dynamically enlarged up to @code{max_allowed_packet} when needed. When dynamically enlarged up to @code{max_allowed_packet} when needed. When
@ -26234,21 +26234,21 @@ All threads share the same base memory.
@item @item
Only the compressed ISAM / MyISAM tables are memory mapped. This is Only the compressed ISAM / MyISAM tables are memory mapped. This is
because the 32-bit memory space of 4GB is not large enough for most because the 32-bit memory space of 4GB is not large enough for most
big tables. When systems with a 64-bit address-space become more big tables. When systems with a 64-bit address space become more
common we may add general support for memory-mapping. common we may add general support for memory mapping.
@item @item
Each request doing a sequential scan over a table allocates a read buffer Each request doing a sequential scan over a table allocates a read buffer
(variable @code{record_buffer}). (variable @code{record_buffer}).
@item @item
All joins are done in one pass and most joins can be done without even All joins are done in one pass, and most joins can be done without even
using a temporary table. Most temporary tables are memory-based (HEAP) using a temporary table. Most temporary tables are memory-based (HEAP)
tables. Temporary tables with a big record length (calculated as the tables. Temporary tables with a big record length (calculated as the
sum of all column lengths) or that contain @code{BLOB} columns are sum of all column lengths) or that contain @code{BLOB} columns are
stored on disk. stored on disk.
One problem in @strong{MySQL} versions before 3.23.2 is that if a HEAP table One problem in @strong{MySQL} versions before Version 3.23.2 is that if a HEAP table
exceeds the size of @code{tmp_table_size}, you get the error @code{The exceeds the size of @code{tmp_table_size}, you get the error @code{The
table tbl_name is full}. In newer versions this is handled by table tbl_name is full}. In newer versions this is handled by
automatically changing the in-memory (HEAP) table to a disk-based automatically changing the in-memory (HEAP) table to a disk-based